Negative frequencies

The Fourier series expansion for a periodic signal x(t) is

This includes Fourier series coefficients for the constant term (when k = 0, exp(jkw 0t) = 1), plus the fundamental and harmonics (k ³ 1). But it also includes terms that seem to correspond to negative frequencies. When k £ - 1, the frequency kw 0 is negative. These negative frequencies balance the positive ones so that the resulting sum is real valued. The following applet demonstrates this:

(Applet by Cory Sharp)
Rotating Phasors
No JDK 1.1 support for APPLET!!

This applet supports exploration of a number of other features of complex exponentials. It includes an illustration of the first few Fourier series terms of the waveforms studied before.